[Cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents: the role of sociodemographic characteristics and parental presence]. / Coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos em adolescentes brasileiros: o papel das características sociodemográficas e da presença parental.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents and associated sociodemographic and family characteristics. This is a cross-sectional study of data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey, 2009 (n = 53,274). The outcome variable (cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors) varied from zero to five and was obtained as the sum of the risk behaviors: daily consumption of soft drinks; daily consumption of candy; insufficient consumption of fruits; insufficient consumption of vegetables; and insufficient physical activity. The explanatory variables were sex, age, skin color, region of Brazil, household goods and services score, maternal schooling, type of school, family composition, parental monitoring, and main meals shared with parents or guardians. A Venn diagram was used for exploratory analysis, plus ordinal logistic regression with partial proportional odds model for multivariate analysis. The results showed higher odds of simultaneous occurrence of the factors in adolescent girls, in teens with less parental supervision, and teens who shared fewer meals with their parents or guardians. Meanwhile, adolescents living in more developed regions of the country and those whose mothers had more schooling showed lower odds of cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors. Actions that encourage greater family involvement and supervision in dietary behavior can have a positive impact on the prevention of obesity in Brazilian adolescents, especially in less developed regions and in homes where the mothers have less schooling.

O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência da coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos em adolescentes brasileiros e características sociodemográficas e familiares associadas. É um estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2009 (n = 53.274). A variável resposta (coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos) variou de zero a cinco e foi obtida com base no somatório dos comportamentos de risco: consumo diário de refrigerantes; consumo diário de guloseimas; consumo insuficiente de frutas; consumo insuficiente de hortaliças e atividade física insuficiente. As variáveis explicativas foram sexo, idade, cor da pele, região brasileira, escore de bens e serviços do domicílio, escolaridade materna, tipo de escola, composição familiar, monitoramento parental e realização de refeições principais com os responsáveis. Utilizou-se o diagrama de Venn para a análise exploratória e a regressão logística ordinal com modelo de odds proporcionais parciais para análise multivariada. Verificou-se maior chance de ocorrência simultânea dos fatores nos adolescentes do sexo feminino, naqueles que tinham menor monitoramento parental e que realizavam menor número de refeições com os responsáveis. Em contraste, adolescentes que residiam em regiões mais desenvolvidas do país e aqueles cujas mães possuíam maior escolaridade apresentaram menor chance de coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos. Ações que estimulem mais envolvimento e supervisão familiar no comportamento alimentar podem promover impacto positivo na prevenção da obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros, principalmente em regiões menos desenvolvidas e em lares com mães de menor escolaridade.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos en adolescentes brasileños, así como las características sociodemográficas y familiares asociadas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar, 2009 (n = 53.274). La variable respuesta (coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos) varió de cero a cinco, y se obtuvo a partir del sumatorio de los comportamientos de riesgo: consumo diario de refrescos; consumo diario de golosinas; consumo insuficiente de frutas; consumo insuficiente de hortalizas y actividad física insuficiente. Las variables explicativas fueron: sexo, edad, color de piel, región brasileña, marcador de bienes y servicios del domicilio, escolaridad materna, tipo de escuela, composición familiar, monitoreo parental y realización de comidas principales con los responsables. Se utilizó el diagrama de Venn para un análisis exploratorio y regresión logística ordinal con un modelo de odds proporcionales parciales para el análisis multivariado. Se verificó una mayor oportunidad de ocurrencia simultánea de los factores en adolescentes del sexo femenino, en aquellos que tenían un menor monitoreo parental y que realizaban un menor número de comidas con los responsables. En contraste, adolescentes que residían en regiones más desarrolladas del país, y aquellos cuyas madres poseían una mayor escolaridad, presentaron una menor oportunidad de coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos. Acciones que estimulen más implicación y supervisión familiar en el comportamiento alimentario pueden promover un impacto positivo en la prevención de la obesidad en adolescentes brasileños, principalmente en regiones menos desarrolladas y en hogares con madres de menor escolaridad.

Coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos em adolescentes brasileiros: o papel das características sociodemográficas e da presença parental / Cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents: the role of sociodemographic characteristics and parental presence / Coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos en adolescentes brasileños: el papel de las características sociodemográficas y presencia parental

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência da coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos em adolescentes brasileiros e características sociodemográficas e familiares associadas. É um estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2009 (n = 53.274). A variável resposta (coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos) variou de zero a cinco e foi obtida com base no somatório dos comportamentos de risco: consumo diário de refrigerantes; consumo diário de guloseimas; consumo insuficiente de frutas; consumo insuficiente de hortaliças e atividade física insuficiente. As variáveis explicativas foram sexo, idade, cor da pele, região brasileira, escore de bens e serviços do domicílio, escolaridade materna, tipo de escola, composição familiar, monitoramento parental e realização de refeições principais com os responsáveis. Utilizou-se o diagrama de Venn para a análise exploratória e a regressão logística ordinal com modelo de odds proporcionais parciais para análise multivariada. Verificou-se maior chance de ocorrência simultânea dos fatores nos adolescentes do sexo feminino, naqueles que tinham menor monitoramento parental e que realizavam menor número de refeições com os responsáveis. Em contraste, adolescentes que residiam em regiões mais desenvolvidas do país e aqueles cujas mães possuíam maior escolaridade apresentaram menor chance de coocorrência de fatores de risco obesogênicos. Ações que estimulem mais envolvimento e supervisão familiar no comportamento alimentar podem promover impacto positivo na prevenção da obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros, principalmente em regiões menos desenvolvidas e em lares com mães de menor escolaridade.

Abstract: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents and associated sociodemographic and family characteristics. This is a cross-sectional study of data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey, 2009 (n = 53,274). The outcome variable (cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors) varied from zero to five and was obtained as the sum of the risk behaviors: daily consumption of soft drinks; daily consumption of candy; insufficient consumption of fruits; insufficient consumption of vegetables; and insufficient physical activity. The explanatory variables were sex, age, skin color, region of Brazil, household goods and services score, maternal schooling, type of school, family composition, parental monitoring, and main meals shared with parents or guardians. A Venn diagram was used for exploratory analysis, plus ordinal logistic regression with partial proportional odds model for multivariate analysis. The results showed higher odds of simultaneous occurrence of the factors in adolescent girls, in teens with less parental supervision, and teens who shared fewer meals with their parents or guardians. Meanwhile, adolescents living in more developed regions of the country and those whose mothers had more schooling showed lower odds of cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors. Actions that encourage greater family involvement and supervision in dietary behavior can have a positive impact on the prevention of obesity in Brazilian adolescents, especially in less developed regions and in homes where the mothers have less schooling.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos en adolescentes brasileños, así como las características sociodemográficas y familiares asociadas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar, 2009 (n = 53.274). La variable respuesta (coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos) varió de cero a cinco, y se obtuvo a partir del sumatorio de los comportamientos de riesgo: consumo diario de refrescos; consumo diario de golosinas; consumo insuficiente de frutas; consumo insuficiente de hortalizas y actividad física insuficiente. Las variables explicativas fueron: sexo, edad, color de piel, región brasileña, marcador de bienes y servicios del domicilio, escolaridad materna, tipo de escuela, composición familiar, monitoreo parental y realización de comidas principales con los responsables. Se utilizó el diagrama de Venn para un análisis exploratorio y regresión logística ordinal con un modelo de odds proporcionales parciales para el análisis multivariado. Se verificó una mayor oportunidad de ocurrencia simultánea de los factores en adolescentes del sexo femenino, en aquellos que tenían un menor monitoreo parental y que realizaban un menor número de comidas con los responsables. En contraste, adolescentes que residían en regiones más desarrolladas del país, y aquellos cuyas madres poseían una mayor escolaridad, presentaron una menor oportunidad de coocurrencia de factores de riesgo obesogénicos. Acciones que estimulen más implicación y supervisión familiar en el comportamiento alimentario pueden promover un impacto positivo en la prevención de la obesidad en adolescentes brasileños, principalmente en regiones menos desarrolladas y en hogares con madres de menor escolaridad.

Is alcohol outlet density in the residential area associated with alcohol consumption among adolescents? / Densidade de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas na área residencial está associada ao consumo de álcool em adolescentes?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the alcohol outlet density in residential areas and the current and lifetime alcohol consumption, adjusted for individual and family factors. METHOD: Information from a three-stage household stratified probabilistic cluster sampling survey (census tract, household, adult and adolescent), conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil ("Health in BH", 2008-2009) and data of the establishments were obtained from official sources and subsequently georeferenced. The outcome was the adolescents' report of current and lifetime alcohol consumption. The exposure variable was the alcohol outlet density, defined as the number of establishments within a 200-meter range from the adolescents' residence. The association was estimated by Poisson regression adjusted by individual and family variables. RESULTS: In total, 601 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years were included in this study. Of these, 53.3% were males and 71.0% lived in a family with income up to five minimum wages. The prevalence of lifetime alcohol consumption was 57.0% (95%CI 51.5 - 62.6) and the current was 11.9% (95%CI 8.7 - 15.0). The multivariate analysis showed a significant association between current alcohol consumption and density of snack bars (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.03 - 1.24), bars (PR = 1.21; 95CI% 1.05 - 1.38), and restaurants (PR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.21). Significant interactions between density of establishments with sex and age were found. CONCLUSION: Current alcohol consumption may be enhanced by the availability of some types of establishments located within a range of 200 meters from the adolescents' residence.

Densidade de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas na área residencial está associada ao consumo de álcool em adolescentes? / Is alcohol outlet density in the residential area associated with alcohol consumption among adolescents?

RESUMO: Objetivos: Investigar a associação entre a densidade de estabelecimentos de venda de bebidas alcoólicas no entorno da residência dos adolescentes e a prevalência de consumo de álcool na vida e atual, ajustado por fatores individuais e familiares. Métodos: As informações provêm da pesquisa domiciliar por amostragem probabilística estratificada e por conglomerados em três estágios (setor censitário, domicílio, adulto e adolescente), realizada em Belo Horizonte, Brasil (Saúde em Beagá, 2008-9) e de fontes oficiais de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas, devidamente georreferenciados. O desfecho foi o autorrelato de consumo de álcool na vida e atual pelos adolescentes. A variável de exposição foi a densidade de estabelecimentos definida como número de locais de venda de bebida dentro do buffer de 200 metros da residência dos adolescentes. A associação foi estimada pela regressão de Poisson ajustada por fatores individuais e familiares. Resultados: Participaram 601 adolescentes de 14-17 anos; 53,3% eram homens e 71% tinham renda familiar até cinco salários mínimos. A prevalência de consumo de álcool na vida foi de 57,0% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 51,5 - 62,6) e o atual de 11,9% (IC95% 8,7 - 15,0). Na análise multivariada, verificou-se associação significativa entre o consumo atual de bebidas alcoólicas e a densidade de lanchonetes (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,13; IC95% 1,03 - 1,24), bares (RP = 1,21; IC95% 1,05 - 1,38) e restaurantes (RP = 1,11; IC95% 1,02 - 1,21). Interações significativas entre densidade de estabelecimentos com sexo e idade foram encontradas. Conclusão: O consumo atual de álcool pode ser potencializado pela presença de alguns tipos de estabelecimentos localizados no buffer de 200 metros da residência dos adolescentes.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate the association between the alcohol outlet density in residential areas and the current and lifetime alcohol consumption, adjusted for individual and family factors. Method: Information from a three-stage household stratified probabilistic cluster sampling survey (census tract, household, adult and adolescent), conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil ("Health in BH", 2008-2009) and data of the establishments were obtained from official sources and subsequently georeferenced. The outcome was the adolescents' report of current and lifetime alcohol consumption. The exposure variable was the alcohol outlet density, defined as the number of establishments within a 200-meter range from the adolescents' residence. The association was estimated by Poisson regression adjusted by individual and family variables. Results: In total, 601 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years were included in this study. Of these, 53.3% were males and 71.0% lived in a family with income up to five minimum wages. The prevalence of lifetime alcohol consumption was 57.0% (95%CI 51.5 - 62.6) and the current was 11.9% (95%CI 8.7 - 15.0). The multivariate analysis showed a significant association between current alcohol consumption and density of snack bars (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.03 - 1.24), bars (PR = 1.21; 95CI% 1.05 - 1.38), and restaurants (PR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.21). Significant interactions between density of establishments with sex and age were found. Conclusion: Current alcohol consumption may be enhanced by the availability of some types of establishments located within a range of 200 meters from the adolescents' residence.

Neighborhood-based physical activity differences: Evaluation of the effect of health promotion program.

INTRODUCTION: The practice of physical activity is an important factor in the prevention of health problems. However, a small portion of the population is physically active. Recent reviews show that physical activity classes in community settings have the potential to increase population levels of physical activity and reduce health inequalities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the Academias da Cidade Program in Belo Horizonte on the practice of physical activity in leisure time (PALT) by non-users living near the program centers. METHODS: We conducted a home-based health survey in Belo Horizonte (2008-2009) with 1,581 adults who were non-users of the program and who lived within a 1,500-meter radius of one active program center (exposed group) and two nonoperational centers with sites reserved for their construction (unexposed group). We collected data on PALT levels (≥150 minutes/week), which was measured with the Physical Activity International Questionnaire and analyzed with binary logistic regression using the Generalized Estimating Equations method. The propensity score was used as an adjustment variable to control the potential confusion in the measures of effect of exposure studied. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of the PALT was 26.5% in the exposed group and 22.7% in the unexposed group. The exposed group was more likely to be active in leisure time (OR = 1.05; CI 95%: 1.01-1.10). When considering the interaction between exposed group and distance, individuals in the exposed group who lived less than 500 meters from the program center were more likely to be active in leisure time (OR = 1.18, CI 95%: 1.03-1.35) compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSION: Promoting physical activity in the community can favorably affect PALT levels among residents, especially those living closest to intervention centers. We believe the Academias da Cidade Program is a promising strategy to facilitate the access to appropriate spaces for the practice of physical activity and contribute to increase the levels physical activity within populations.

Uso de cafeína em crianças e adolescentes / Caffeine use in children and adolescents

A cafeína é possivelmente a substância psicoativa mais usada mundialmente, está disponível legalmente para o consumo de crianças, adolescentes e adultos e é vendida principalmente entre alimentos e bebidas. Comporta-se como um estimulador do sistema nervoso central e periférico levando a efeitos sistêmicos, tolerância, dependência e intoxicação. Este artigo objetiva revisar os efeitos do uso da cafeína na infância e adolescência. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada de janeiro de 2013 a junho de 2014, nas bases de dados do portal da Capes, da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, Cochrane Library), no OVID e Embase, nos últimos dez anos. Ao analisar os artigos revisados, percebe-se que ainda não é segura a ingestão de bebidas cafeinadas pela faixa etária pediátrica, sendo que este não traz benefícios e ainda é capaz de causar diversos efeitos adversos, com o poder inclusive de interferir no desenvolvimento dos sistemas nervoso e cardiovascular, além do risco de dependência e intoxicação. Assim, seu uso deve ser desencorajado em casa, nas escolas, pelo governo, médicos, nutricionistas e pela mídia. (AU)

Caffeine is probably the most widely used psychoactive substance worldwide, it is legally available for consumption of children, adolescents and adults and it is manly sold between foods and beverages. It behaves central and peripheral nervous system stimulator leading to systemic effects, tolerance, dependence and poisoning. This article aims to review the effects of caffeine use in children and adolescents. The bibliographic search was performed from January 2013 to June 2014 in databases of Capes portal, Virtual Health Library (LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, Cochrane Library), in OVID and Embase, in the last decade. By analyzing the revised articles, one realizes that the caffeinated beverage intake for pediatric patients is still not safe, wherein is not beneficial and is able to cause various adverse effects, including the possibility of interfering in the development of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, besides the risk of dependency and intoxication. Thus, its use should be discouraged at home, in schools, by the government, doctors, nutritionists and the media. (AU)

Family context and the physical activity of adolescents: comparing differences. / Contexto familiar e atividade física de adolescentes: cotejando diferenças.

INTRODUCTION: Family context plays an important role with regard to the physical activity (PA) of adolescents. Intense changes in family composition, including an increase of single-parent structures can affect behavior. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of PA, between boys and girls of 11-17 years old, and investigate its association with family context variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study "The BH Health Study" was conducted in two health districts of Belo Horizonte. The outcome was PA (≥ 300 minutes/week), which was created from a score that combined time and frequency of cycling and walking to school and leisure time. The independent variables were family context, sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status. Poisson regression was used with a robust variance and was stratified by gender. RESULTS: 1,015 adolescents participated, 52.8% of whom were male, with a mean age of 14 (± 1.9) years old. The prevalence of PA was 38.8% for girls and 54.5% for boys. Among girls, the family context variables were not significantly associated with PA. Boys were more active when there was an adult in the household reported who did PA (PR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.55) and when living with a single mother (PR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.01 - 2.63). It was also observed that boys that live with their mother and father (PR=1.90; 95%CI 1.06 - 3.41) or only with their mother (PR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.01 - 3.27) reported did PA more frequently in their free time. CONCLUSION: The presence of an active adult in the household, mainly the mother, appears to be an important factor associated with boys' PA.

INTRODUÇÃO: O contexto familiar desempenha papel importante sobre a prática de atividade física (AF) de adolescentes. As intensas mudanças na composição familiar, com aumento das estruturas monoparentais, podem modular de maneira distinta esse comportamento. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de AF e associação da sua prática em meninos e meninas de 11 a 17 anos com variáveis de contexto familiar, ajustado por características sociodemográficas e estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional, denominado "Saúde em Beagá", realizado em dois distritos sanitários de Belo Horizonte. O desfecho foi AF ≥ 300 minutos/semana, criado a partir de um escore que combinou tempo e frequência de deslocamento para a escola e AF de lazer. As variáveis do contexto familiar foram: presença dos pais e de adulto ativo no domicílio. Foi utilizada regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, estratificada por sexo. RESULTADOS: Participaram 1.015 adolescentes, sendo 52,8% meninos e idade média de 14 (± 1,9) anos. A prevalência de AF foi de 38,8% para meninas e de 54,5% para meninos. Entre meninas, as variáveis de contexto familiar não foram significativamente associadas à AF. Meninos foram mais ativos quando havia um adulto no domicílio que praticava AF (RP = 1,26; IC95% 1,02 - 1,55) e quando moravam somente com a mãe (RP = 1,63; IC95% 1,01 - 2,63). Observou-se, ainda, que meninos que moravam com mãe e pai (RP = 1,90; IC95% 1,06 - 3,41) ou somente com mãe (RP = 1,82; IC95% 1,01 - 3,27) praticavam em maior frequência AF no seu tempo de lazer. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de adulto no domicílio, em especial a mãe, parece ser importante fator associado à prática de AF de meninos.

Contexto familiar e atividade física de adolescentes: cotejando diferenças / Family context and the physical activity of adolescents: comparing differences

RESUMO: Introdução: O contexto familiar desempenha papel importante sobre a prática de atividade física (AF) de adolescentes. As intensas mudanças na composição familiar, com aumento das estruturas monoparentais, podem modular de maneira distinta esse comportamento. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de AF e associação da sua prática em meninos e meninas de 11 a 17 anos com variáveis de contexto familiar, ajustado por características sociodemográficas e estado nutricional. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, denominado "Saúde em Beagá", realizado em dois distritos sanitários de Belo Horizonte. O desfecho foi AF ≥ 300 minutos/semana, criado a partir de um escore que combinou tempo e frequência de deslocamento para a escola e AF de lazer. As variáveis do contexto familiar foram: presença dos pais e de adulto ativo no domicílio. Foi utilizada regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, estratificada por sexo. Resultados: Participaram 1.015 adolescentes, sendo 52,8% meninos e idade média de 14 (± 1,9) anos. A prevalência de AF foi de 38,8% para meninas e de 54,5% para meninos. Entre meninas, as variáveis de contexto familiar não foram significativamente associadas à AF. Meninos foram mais ativos quando havia um adulto no domicílio que praticava AF (RP = 1,26; IC95% 1,02 - 1,55) e quando moravam somente com a mãe (RP = 1,63; IC95% 1,01 - 2,63). Observou-se, ainda, que meninos que moravam com mãe e pai (RP = 1,90; IC95% 1,06 - 3,41) ou somente com mãe (RP = 1,82; IC95% 1,01 - 3,27) praticavam em maior frequência AF no seu tempo de lazer. Conclusão: A presença de adulto no domicílio, em especial a mãe, parece ser importante fator associado à prática de AF de meninos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Family context plays an important role with regard to the physical activity (PA) of adolescents. Intense changes in family composition, including an increase of single-parent structures can affect behavior. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of PA, between boys and girls of 11-17 years old, and investigate its association with family context variables. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study "The BH Health Study" was conducted in two health districts of Belo Horizonte. The outcome was PA (≥ 300 minutes/week), which was created from a score that combined time and frequency of cycling and walking to school and leisure time. The independent variables were family context, sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status. Poisson regression was used with a robust variance and was stratified by gender. Results: 1,015 adolescents participated, 52.8% of whom were male, with a mean age of 14 (± 1.9) years old. The prevalence of PA was 38.8% for girls and 54.5% for boys. Among girls, the family context variables were not significantly associated with PA. Boys were more active when there was an adult in the household reported who did PA (PR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.55) and when living with a single mother (PR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.01 - 2.63). It was also observed that boys that live with their mother and father (PR=1.90; 95%CI 1.06 - 3.41) or only with their mother (PR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.01 - 3.27) reported did PA more frequently in their free time. Conclusion: The presence of an active adult in the household, mainly the mother, appears to be an important factor associated with boys' PA.

Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported disability: a comparison between genders. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao autorrelato de deficiência: uma comparação por sexo.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the prevalence of disability and its association with sociodemographic and health characteristics stratified by sex. METHODS:: This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample including 4,048 residents aged ≥ 18 years in two health districts of Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, during the period from 2008 to 2009. The outcome variable "disability" was established based on self-reported problems in body functions or structures. Sociodemographic characteristics ("sex," "age," "skin color," "marital status," "years of schooling," and "family income") and health ("reported morbidity," "health self-assessment," "quality of life," and "life satisfaction") were the explanatory variables. We applied the multivariate decision tree analysis by using the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector algorithm. RESULTS:: The overall prevalence of disability corresponded to 10.4% and it was higher in females (11.9%; confidence interval - 95%CI 10.2 - 13.6) than in males (8.7%; 95%CI 6.8 - 10.5). In the multivariate analysis, "age" and "morbidity" in females, and "low educational level" and "poor health self-assessment" in males were the variables that best discriminated disability. Disability self-reporting was more frequent among women of working age (40 to 59 years-old) and with lower incomes, as well as in men with lower educational levels and incomes. With regard to health conditions, the highest disability percentages were seen among subjects of both genders that reported three or more diseases and worsened perception of health. CONCLUSION:: Results reinforce the need for a distinct approach, since women of working age and men with lower educational level are more vulnerable to the occurrence of disability.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao autorrelato de deficiência: uma comparação por sexo / Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported disability: a comparison between genders

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de deficiência e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e de saúde, estratificadas por sexo. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 4.048 residentes com idade ≥ 18 anos em dois distritos sanitários de Belo Horizonte (MG) durante o período 2008-2009. A variável resposta “deficiência” foi definida com base no autorrelato de problema nas funções ou nas estruturas do corpo. As variáveis explicativas foram sociodemográficas (“sexo”, “idade”, “cor de pele”, “estado civil”, “anos de estudos” e “renda familiar”) e de saúde (“morbidade referida”, “autoavaliação de saúde”, “qualidade de vida” e “satisfação com a vida”). Empregou-se a análise multivariada pela árvore de decisão, utilizando-se o algoritmo Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector. Resultados: A prevalência global de deficiência foi de 10,4%, maior no sexo feminino (11,9%; intervalo de confiança - IC95% 10,2-13,6) do que no masculino (8,7%; IC95% 6,8-10,5). Na análise multivariada, as variáveis que melhor discriminaram a deficiência foram “idade” e “morbidade” no sexo feminino, “baixa escolaridade” e “pior autoavaliação de saúde” no sexo masculino. O autorrelato de deficiência foi mais frequente entre mulheres em idade produtiva (40 a 59 anos) e de menor renda, e entre homens de menor escolaridade e renda. Com relação às condições de saúde, os maiores percentuais de deficiência foram observados, para ambos os sexos, entre aqueles que relataram três ou mais doenças e pior percepção de saúde. Conclusão: Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de atenção diferenciada, uma vez que mulheres em idade produtiva e homens com menor escolaridade são mais vulneráveis à ocorrência de deficiência.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of disability and its association with sociodemographic and health characteristics stratified by sex. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample including 4,048 residents aged ≥ 18 years in two health districts of Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, during the period from 2008 to 2009. The outcome variable “disability” was established based on self-reported problems in body functions or structures. Sociodemographic characteristics (“sex,” “age,” “skin color,” “marital status,” “years of schooling,” and “family income”) and health (“reported morbidity,” “health self-assessment,” “quality of life,” and “life satisfaction”) were the explanatory variables. We applied the multivariate decision tree analysis by using the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector algorithm. Results: The overall prevalence of disability corresponded to 10.4% and it was higher in females (11.9%; confidence interval - 95%CI 10.2 - 13.6) than in males (8.7%; 95%CI 6.8 - 10.5). In the multivariate analysis, “age” and “morbidity” in females, and “low educational level” and “poor health self-assessment” in males were the variables that best discriminated disability. Disability self-reporting was more frequent among women of working age (40 to 59 years-old) and with lower incomes, as well as in men with lower educational levels and incomes. With regard to health conditions, the highest disability percentages were seen among subjects of both genders that reported three or more diseases and worsened perception of health. Conclusion: Results reinforce the need for a distinct approach, since women of working age and men with lower educational level are more vulnerable to the occurrence of disability.

Overweight in men and women among urban area residents: individual factors and socioeconomic context.

The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with overweight among adults living in urban areas, with the income of the census tract as a context variable. The survey assessed individuals from two health districts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Excess weight was determined by body mass index > 25kg/m2. Multilevel logistic regression was used. The sample comprised 2,935 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The prevalence of overweight was 52.3% (95%CI: 49.9-54.8), similar between men and women. Higher schooling proved to be protective against overweight in women and a risk for men. Living in census tracts with higher income was associated with excess weight only in males. Report of the consumption of diet soft drinks was positively associated with overweight in both sexes. The occurrence of this event seems to be influenced by different factors or to interrelate differently in men and women.

Overweight in men and women among urban area residents: individual factors and socioeconomic context / Sobrepeso en hombres y mujeres residentes en zonas urbanas: factores individuales y contexto socioeconómico / Excesso de peso em homens e mulheres residentes em área urbana: fatores individuais e contexto socioeconômico

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with overweight among adults living in urban areas, with the income of the census tract as a context variable. The survey assessed individuals from two health districts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Excess weight was determined by body mass index > 25kg/m2. Multilevel logistic regression was used. The sample comprised 2,935 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The prevalence of overweight was 52.3% (95%CI: 49.9-54.8), similar between men and women. Higher schooling proved to be protective against overweight in women and a risk for men. Living in census tracts with higher income was associated with excess weight only in males. Report of the consumption of diet soft drinks was positively associated with overweight in both sexes. The occurrence of this event seems to be influenced by different factors or to interrelate differently in men and women.

Resumen El presente estudio se propuso evaluar los factores asociados con el sobrepeso en los adultos que viven en zonas urbanas, utilizando los ingresos de la circunscripción censal como variable de contexto. La encuesta evaluó los individuos de dos distritos de salud de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. El exceso de peso se determinó mediante el índice de masa corporal > 25kg/m2. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinivel. La muestra está formada por 2.935 individuos de 20 a 60 años de edad. La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de un 52,3% (IC95%: 49,9-54,8), similar entre hombres y mujeres. Mientras que la escolarización ha demostrado tener un efecto protector contra el sobrepeso en las mujeres, en el caso sólo de los hombres, sí mostro riesgo asociado, pese a que vivieran en las circunscripciones censales con ingresos más altos. El consumo de refrescos dietéticos se asoció positivamente con el sobrepeso en ambos sexos. La ocurrencia de este evento parece estar influida por diferentes factores o se interrelacionan de manera diferente en hombres y mujeres.

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os fatores associados ao excesso de peso em adultos residentes em área urbana, considerando a renda do setor censitário como variável de contexto. O inquérito avaliou indivíduos de dois distritos sanitários de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O excesso de peso foi determinado pelo índice de massa corporal > 25kg/m2. Foi utilizada regressão logística multinível. A amostra foi constituída por 2.935 indivíduos de 20 a 60 anos. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 52,3% (IC95%: 49,9-54,8), semelhante entre homens e mulheres. Enquanto a alta escolaridade revelou-se protetora para o excesso de peso em mulheres e de risco para homens, residir em setor censitário com maiores níveis de renda associou-se apenas no sexo masculino. O relato do consumo de refrigerantes dietéticos foi associado positivamente ao excesso de peso em ambos os sexos. A ocorrência desse evento parece ser influenciada por fatores distintos ou se inter-relacionar de forma diferente, em homens e mulheres.

On the Cost of Big Events: Are Weather-Related Disasters as Bad as Economic Recessions for Health Disparities Related to Drug Use?

This commentary reviews two manuscripts about big event empirical data exploring concepts and pathways of drug use and health-related events. Using basic concepts and tools, it proposes a focused framework in order to help comprehension of the multifactorial and multilevel components between macrosocial determinants of health, contextual pathways of drug use and drug-use harm and individual levels in the episode of a big event occurrence. The text also discusses implications of preexisting conditions that may be contributing factors for socially and economically segregated subsets of the population, groups possibly "at risk of risks," meaning unequally exposed to risks that generate exposure to other risks, amplifying preexistent inequities.

Capacitação dos agentes comunitários de saúde em aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar no âmbito da atenção primária, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Community health Worker training on breastfeeding and complementary feeding in the context of primary health care in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a capacitação dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde em Aleitamento Materno e Alimentação Complementar, focando na metodologia participativa e na análise qualitativa dos resultados. O trabalho teve como objetivo a incorporação de novas práticas pelos profissionais sobre educação em saúde e, portanto, a aproximação do paciente e do profissional. Participaram das discussões quatorze profissionais, subdivididos em dois grupos. Os resultados obtidos foram positivos, uma vez que houve participação ativa dos profissionais por meio da exposição de dúvidas com relação às práticas comumente adotadas pelas mães atendidas na unidade, com relatos de vivências e dificuldades diárias. Ressalta-se a importância dessa capacitação para a comunidade local, tendo em vista que a interação e a troca de saberes entre profissionais e a comunidade enriquece e modifi ca o perfil dos profissionais ao aproximar os usuários das unidades de saúde e possibilitar o atendimento integral à saúde.

We report an experience concerning the training of Community Health Professionals about breastfeeding and complementary feeding, focusing on participatory methodology and qualitative analysis. The aim of the study was the incorporation of new professional practices concerning health education, and thus, the improvement of the relationship between patient and professional. Fourteen health workers were divided into two groups and participated in the discussions. The results were positive, since there was active participation by the professionals, in airing doubts about the practices commonly adopted by mothers in the community and reports about experiences and daily problems. It is important to emphasize the value of this training for the local community, considering that the interaction and exchange of knowledge between professionals and community enrich and modify the visibility of professionals, by approaching the community and enabling comprehensive health care.

Obesidade: aspectos epidemiológicos e prevenção / Obesity: epidemiological aspects and prevention

Observa-se, nas últimas décadas, crescimento alarmante de obesidade na população infantil. A obesidade exógena (atribuída a fatores ambientais, como alimentação, hábitos, ambiente familiar e escolar) é responsável por aproximadamente 95%, enquanto os 5% restantes decorrem de fatores endógenos. As consequências podem ser graves, com repercussões cardiovasculares, anatômicas e psicológicas. Este artigo objetiva revisar a literatura acerca da epidemiologia, etiogênese e prevenção da obesidade infantil, a partir das bases de dados científicas PubMed, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), National Library Of Medicine (MedLine) e LILACS, nos últimos 12 anos. As formas de prevenção da obesidade são amplamente conhecidas e englobam, principalmente, educação alimentar e prática de atividades físicas. É fundamental a abordagem, pelo pediatra, deste tema com a criança e familiares nas consultas de puericultura visando à prevenção e ao tratamento dessa importante morbidade. Além disso, faz-se necessário implantar políticas públicas associadas ao trabalho multiprofissional na prevenção da obesidade.

An alarming growth on the prevalence of childhood obesity has been observed in the last decades. Exogenous obesity (attributed to environmental factors such as diet, life habits, family and school environment) is responsible for approximately 95% of cases of obesity, while the remaining 5% are due to endogenous factors. The implications can be severe, with cardiovascular, anatomical and psychological repercussions. This article aims to review the literature on the epidemiology, etiology and prevention of childhood obesity, using the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), National Library Of Medicine (MedLine) and LILACS, in the last twelve years. Interventions for the prevention of obesity are widely known and include mainly food education and physical activity. It is essential that pediatricians address these subjects with children and their families during routine visits, aiming for prevention and treatment of this important morbidity. Moreover, prevention measures associated with multidisciplinary care should be incorporated into public policies.

Ten-year increase in the prevalence of obesity and reduction in fat intake in Brazilian women aged 35 years and older.

BACKGROUND: Data from two population-based surveys conducted in 1995 and 2005 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were examined to determine changes in the prevalence of obesity and macronutrient intake among women according to socio-economic level. METHODS: Weight and height were measured, and food intake was based on a food-frequency questionnaire. A probabilistic sample of about 1000 women aged 35 years or older participated in each survey. RESULTS: Prevalence of obesity (BMI>30 kg/m(2)) increased in the 10-year period (17-24%), as well as energy intake (2.408-2.912 kcal) (p<0.0001). These changes were largely dependent on education, but not on income. Over the 10-year period, there was an increase in carbohydrate intake adjusted for energy, although lipid intake decreased among those women of low education but not among the more educated women. An overall reduction in the intake of cholesterol was also observed (273 mg vs 212 mg; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In line with an advertised reduction in fat intake, Brazilian women at greatest risk of obesity had a reduction in fat intake and cholesterol, and increased intake of carbohydrate. This group needs to be given a clear message regarding energy reduction in order to curb the obesity epidemic.

[Changing in dietary intake by women in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1995 to 2005]. / Mudanças no consumo alimentar de mulheres do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1995-2005.

This article compares food intake by women 35 years or older in two population-based cross-sectional studies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1995-1996 (n = 1,014) and 2004-2005 (n = 1,001). Food intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, and nutritional status was defined according to body mass index (BMI = weight/height(2)). Prevalence of obesity (BMI 30 kg/m(2)) increased in the ten-year period (16.6% to 24%). Many high energy density (kcal/g) foods showed a statistically significant increase in the period, such as crackers, candies, bacon, sausage, and hamburger. Some high energy density items were reported less frequently: butter, mayonnaise, potato chips, and sugar. The intake of fruits, milk, beans, roots and potatoes, and meat decreased in the 10-year period. Women with more education showed a larger reduction in fruit and meat intake and a smaller reduction in fish, dairy product, and root and potato intake. Changes in prevalence of obesity were associated with numerous changes in food intake, depending on the level of schooling.

Mudanças no consumo alimentar de mulheres do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1995-2005 / Changing in dietary intake by women in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1995 to 2005

Compara-se o consumo alimentar de mulheres de 35 anos e mais investigado em dois estudos transversais de base populacional desenvolvidos no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 1995-1996 (n = 1.014) e 2004-2005 (n = 1.001). Utilizou-se questionário de freqüência do consumo de alimentos para estimar o consumo de alimentos e o índice de massa corporal (IMC = peso/estatura²) para avaliar o estado nutricional. A prevalência da obesidade (IMC 30kg/m²) aumentou no período de 10 anos (16,6 por cento para 24 por cento). O consumo de diversos alimentos com alta densidade energética sofreu incremento, como: biscoitos salgados, doces, bacon, lingüiça/salsicha e hambúrguer. Outros foram relatados com menor freqüência: manteiga/margarina, maionese, batata frita ou chips, e açúcar. Frutas, leite, feijão, raízes e tubérculos, e carnes tiveram redução do consumo. Mulheres com escolaridade elevada apresentaram maior redução no consumo de frutas e carnes. As mudanças na prevalência da obesidade parecem estar relacionadas com as modificações do consumo de alimentos e dependentes do grau de escolarização.

This article compares food intake by women 35 years or older in two population-based cross-sectional studies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1995-1996 (n = 1,014) and 2004-2005 (n = 1,001). Food intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, and nutritional status was defined according to body mass index (BMI = weight/height²). Prevalence of obesity (BMI 30kg/m²) increased in the ten-year period (16.6 percent to 24 percent). Many high energy density (kcal/g) foods showed a statistically significant increase in the period, such as crackers, candies, bacon, sausage, and hamburger. Some high energy density items were reported less frequently: butter, mayonnaise, potato chips, and sugar. The intake of fruits, milk, beans, roots and potatoes, and meat decreased in the 10-year period. Women with more education showed a larger reduction in fruit and meat intake and a smaller reduction in fish, dairy product, and root and potato intake. Changes in prevalence of obesity were associated with numerous changes in food intake, depending on the level of schooling.

Evolução da obesidade e do consumo alimentar de 1995 a 2005 em mulheres de 35 anos ou mais do município do Rio de Janeiro / Trends in obesity and food intake among women 35 years or more of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1995 to 2005

A presente tese engloba dois manuscritos que abordam o tema Consumo alimentar em mulheres, desenvolvidos através da análise de duas pesquisas realizadas no Município do Rio de Janeiro, em 1995 e 2005. Trata-se do primeiro estudo brasileiro de base populacional que avalia a tendência de consumo utilizando dados individuais de consumo alimentar. O grupo específico analisado: mulheres com 35 anos ou mais de idade, apresenta as maiores prevalências de obesidade. O primeiro manuscrito intitulado Ten-year increase in the prevalence of obesity among Brazilian women was associated to reduction of fat intake mainly among the less educated. Aborda a prevalência da obesidade e consumo de energia e macronutrientes. Os resultados indicam importante aumento da prevalência de obesidade (16 por cento para 24 por cento) acompanhada de aumento significativo do consumo calórico e redução da ingestão de lipídios e colesterol. Na pesquisa mais recente a associação negativa entre educação e obesidade foi de maior magnitude e a renda deixou de associar-se a prevalência de obesidade. O segundo manuscrito intitulado Mudanças no consumo de alimentos entre mulheres do Município do Rio de Janeiro, de 1995 a 2005, avaliou o consumo de alimentos, incluindo os de alta densidade energética, e grupos de alimentos nos dois momentos, incluindo a avaliação das diferenças de consumo segundo escolaridade. A análise do consumo mostrou aumento do consumo de alimentos calóricos como doces, biscoitos e lingüiça e redução de importantes grupos de alimentos como frutas, leite, feijão, raízes e tubérculos e carnes no período de dez anos. As mulheres com maior escolaridade apresentaram maior redução de consumo de carnes e frutas e não apresentaram redução de peixes e derivados do leite...

This thesis includes two manuscripts that address the theme "Food intake inwomen", based on two surveys conducted in Rio de Janeiro in 1995 and in 2005. This is the first Brazilian population-based study assessing changes in individual intake. Thegroup of women 35 or older has the greatest risk of obesity. The first manuscript entitled "Ten-year increase in the prevalence of obesity among Brazilian women was associated to reduction of fat intake mainly among the less educated" refers to the prevalence of obesity and consumption of energy and macronutrients and it found a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of obesity (16% to 24%) and a significant increase in energy intake, and reduced intake of fat and cholesterol. In 2005, the most recent survey, a stronger negative associationbetween education and obesity was found compared to the 1995 survey, and income was no longer associated with obesity. The second manuscript: "Trends in food intake among women of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1995 to 2005" evaluated the overall change in the intake of high energy density foods and food groups and also includes analysis of intake stratified by schooling. An increased intake of high in energy density such as sweets, cookies andsausage and reduction of fruits, milk, beans, roots and potatoes, and meat in the period of ten years. More educated women had not reduction in fish and dairy and higher reduction in fruit and meat intake. Furthermore, it was also evaluated in the 2005 survey the association between the slimming pill and serum concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), "TSH levels associated with slimming pill use in a population based study of Brazilian women." This analysis showed high prevalence of use of these substances and showed that the levels of serum TSH were significantly lower among users of slimming pills.

TSH levels associated with slimming pill use in a population-based study of brazilian women

OBJECTIVE: To determine the consumption of slimming pills (SP) and its association with TSH levels. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A survey was carried out in Rio de Janeiro (about 5 million inhabitants), Brazil, from June 2004 to April 2005. Households (1,500) were selected using three-stage probability sampling. Women were asked about use of SP, and blood sample was collected. Women were classified as users of SP any time in life, but not in previous two months (n = 293), current users (n = 150), and never users (n = 853). Weighted multivariate regression analyses compared TSH levels among these groups of users. RESULTS: The frequency of use of SP any time in life was 34 percent and the use in the previous two months was 11 percent. Both frequencies were greater among younger and obese women, and among those of high socioeconomic level (p-value < 0.001). TSH level was statistically lower among current users of SP (1.96 mUI/ml; 95 percentCI = 1.93-1.98) compared to previous users 2.83 mUI/ml (95 percentCI = 2.13-3.02) and never users 2.59 mUI/ml (95 percentCI = 2.20-3.21). These differences were still statistically significant after adjusting for age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Use of SP decreased TSH levels among Brazilian women.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a freqüência de uso de fórmulas para emagrecer e sua associação com níveis de TSH. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa realizada no Rio de Janeiro (5 milhões de habitantes), Brasil, de junho de 2004 a abril de 2005. A população de estudo foram mulheres com 35 anos ou mais, residentes em domicílios particulares permanentes do município do Rio de Janeiro não grávidas e não lactantes. A amostra de domicílios foi obtida por amostragem probabilística conglomerada em três estágios de seleção. As mulheres tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas e responderam a questões sobre uso de fórmulas, chás ou remédios para emagrecer. Quanto ao uso de fórmulas as mulheres foram classificadas em usuárias alguma vez na vida (n = 293), usuárias nos últimos dois meses (n = 150) e não usuárias (n = 853). Os níveis de TSH desses grupos foram comparados através de análise de regressão multivariada, levando em conta o desenho da amostra. RESULTADOS: O uso de fórmulas alguma vez na vida foi relatado por 34 por cento das mulheres e 11 por cento relataram tê-las consumido nos últimos dois meses. As freqüências foram maiores entre as mulheres mais jovens e obesas e de nível sócio-econômico mais elevado (valor de p < 0,001). Os níveis de TSH foram estatisticamente menores entre as usuárias de fórmulas (1,96 mUI/ml; IC 95 por cento = 1,93-1,98) comparados com usuárias prévias 2,83 mUI/ml (IC 95 por cento = 2,13-3,02) e não usuárias 2,59 mUI/ml (IC 95 por cento = 2,20-3,21). As diferenças entre os grupos mantiveram-se estatisticamente significantes após o ajuste por idade e índice de massa corporal. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de fórmulas para emagrecer diminuiu os níveis de TSH em mulheres brasileiras.